Ambrosia Gibboney Essays (716 words) - English Modal Verbs

Ambrosia Gibboney Essays (716 words) - English Modal Verbs Ambrosia Gibboney Freshmen seminar Meredith V icente Friday December 9, 2016 Dear Prospective Learning Strategies Student , There are some differences between the assistive programs for kids with learning disabilities at the high school level and the college level. I would know this because I have been in the high schools assistive program throughout my entire high school experience. I am also in the project assist program at Cumberland country college. The program I was in at the high school I attended helped me a lot. If I had a problem , I would talk to my case manager and she would work the problem out for me and come up with a solution. In college that is not the case. In college, you have to be a good self-advocate, if you need help you have to ask for it. This is very important because the professors and staff aren't going to be holding your hand and making sure you're doing ok in school. In college, you have a lot of freedom which can be good and bad at times. If you don't get your homework done or if you need help because your failing a class and you don't a sk, that's all on you. Being a good self-advocate and literally save your college career. Now once you have signed up for project assist. It is your job to find out what accommodations and assistive technologies they have that can help your college experience run smoothly. Some of the accommodations and assistive technologies they have are, tutoring in all subjects, writing lab, computer lab, recording devices and many more to suit your specific needs. I used tutoring because the biggest struggle I have is math. It is a requirement for me to have college level math to get into radiography. I struggled from day one of my math class and I immediately asked for help because if I failed I would have to repeat it again. Repeating a class again can get very expensive and failing a class brings down your GPA. So, I contacted my advisor and got signed up for math tutoring and now I am passing class. You are going to need some strategies to help you learn those hard to remember lectures and h . w assignments. One of the strategies I used was I took lots of notes in my math class. I w ould write down everything she wrote on the board. Since I took lots of notes I put the chapter and page number at the top of each section. Than when new sections came up I would draw a line and start on a new topic. I would use as much of the page as possible instead of using a new page for every individual topic because that would waste my paper and buying note books can get expensive. If I already knew a lot about a topic I would write down bits and pieces of the topic just in case I forgot and needed to refresh my memory. Another strategy I used was if I had to read a chapter in a book for homework I would muscle read. First, I would preview what I was reading like read the main title and the other subtopic titles. Than I would turn the titles into questions. After turning the titles into questions, I would write them down and read threw. Once I found the answers to my questions I would write them down. I would review my questions and answers until my next class. This helped me remember what I was reading. College can be fun and fulfilling but it also can be stressful and scary. All things worth doing aren't going to be easy and it's not the end of the world if things don't go the way you want them to. College isn't easy and isn't for everyone. There is nothing wrong with not going to college. Another good tip is to make friends and connections while you're here because they can help you later one in life. All in all, college is an experience worth having, you can be anything you want all you have to do is try.

Freed Man and Free Born Differences in Ancient Rome

Freed Man and Free Born Differences in Ancient Rome The Short Answer The short answer to the question of what distinguished the ancient Roman freedman or freedwoman from the free born is the stigma, shame, or the macula servitutis (stain of slavery), as Kings Colleges Henrik Mouritsen describes it in , that never left the slave or ex-slave. Background Over-generalizing about the citizens of ancient Rome, you may find yourself describing a tripartite wealth and status system. You might describe the patricians as the wealthy, upper class, the plebeians as the lower class, and the landless humiles basically the proletariat as the lowest of the freeborn low, those considered too poor to enter the military service whose only purpose for the Roman state was to bear children. Also considered humiles and generally lumped with the proletariat for voting purposes were the freedmen. Beneath these were the slaves, by definition, non-citizens. Such a generalization might possibly apply to the earliest years of the Roman Republic reasonably well, but even by the middle of the fifth century B.C., the time of the 12 Tables, it wasnt so accurate. Là ©on Pol Homo says that the number of patrician gentes dwindled from 73 to 20 by the year 210 B.C., at the same time the ranks of the plebeians swelled among other ways, through the expansion of Rom an territory and the granting of citizenship rights to people who then became Roman plebeians (Wiseman). In addition to the gradual class shifts over time, starting with the great military leader, 7-time consul, and uncle of Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.), Gaius Marius (157-86 B.C.), men of the proletariat class far from being excluded from military service joined the army in large numbers as a way to earn a living. Besides, according to Rosenstein (Ohio State history professor specializing in the Roman Republic and early Empire), the proletariat had already been manning the Roman fleets. By the time of Caesar, many plebeians were wealthier than patricians. Marius is a case in point. Caesars family was old, patrician, and in need of funds. Marius, probably an equestrian, brought wealth into the marriage with Caesars aunt. Patricians might give up their status by being formally adopted by plebeians so that they could attain prestigious public offices denied the patricians. [See Clodius Pulcher.] A further trouble with this linear view is that among the slaves and the recent slaves, you could find extremely wealthy members. Wealth wasnt dictated by rank. Such was the premise of the Satyricon in the portrayal of the ostentatious, nouveau riche, tasteless Trimalchio. Distinctions Between Freeborn and Freedman or Freedwoman Wealth aside, to the ancient Romans, Rome held social, class-based differences. One big difference was between a person who was freeborn and someone who was born a slave and later freed. Being a slave (servus meant being subject to the will of the master (dominus). A slave might, for instance, be raped or beaten and there was nothing he or she could do about it. During the Republic and first few Roman emperors, a slave could be forcibly separated from his mate and children. A Constitution of Claudius enacted that if a man exposed his slaves, who were infirm, they should become free; and the Constitution also declared that if they were put to death, the act should be murder (Suet. Claud. 25). It was also enacted (Cod. 3 tit. 38 s11) that in sales or division of property, slaves, such as husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters, should not be separated.William Smith Dictionary Servus entry A slave could be killed. The original power of life and death over a slave .. was limited by a constitution of Antoninus, which enacted that if a man put his slave to death without sufficient reason (sine causa), he was liable to the same penalty as if he had killed another mans slave.Ibid. Free Romans didnt have to put up with such behavior at the hands of outsiders ordinarily. It would have been too degrading. Anecdotes from Suetonius about the extraordinary and aberrant behavior of Caligula give an indication of how demeaning such treatment could be: XXVI: Nor was he more mild or respectful in his behaviour towards the senate. Some who had borne the (270) highest offices in the government, he suffered to run by his litter in their togas for several miles together, and to attend him at supper, sometimes at the head of his couch, sometimes at his feet, with napkins.In the spectacles of gladiators, sometimes, when the sun was violently hot, he would order the curtains, which covered the amphitheatre, to be drawn aside [427], and forbad any person to be let out.... Sometimes shutting up the public granaries, he would oblige the people to starve for a while. A freedman or a freedwoman was a slave who had been freed. In Latin, the normal terms for a properly freed freedman were libertus (liberta), probably used in connection with the person who manumitted them, or libertinus (libertina), as the more general form. The distinction between those libertini, who were properly and legally freed (via manumission), and other classes of ex-slaves was abolished by Justinian (A.D. 482-565), but before him, those improperly freed or disgraced did not receive all of the Roman citizenship rights. A libertinus, whose freedom was marked by the pilleus (a cap), was counted a Roman citizen. A freeborn person was not counted a libertinus, but an ingenuus. Libertinus and ingenuus were mutually exclusive classifications. Since the offspring of a free Roman whether born free or made free was also free, children of libertini were ingenui. Someone born to a slave was a slave, part of the masters property, but he could become one of the libertini if the master or the emperor manumitted him. Practical Matters for the Freedman and His Children Henrik Mouritsen argues that although freed, the former master was still responsible for feeding and perhaps housing his freedmen. He says the change in status meant that he was still part of the patrons extended family and had the patrons name as part of his own. The libertini may have been freed, but were not really independent. The ex-slaves themselves were looked upon as damaged. Although formally, the distinction was between ingenui and libertini, in practice there was some residual taint. Lily Ross Taylor looks at the changes in the late years of the Republic and the early years of the Empire regarding the ability of the ingenui children of libertini to enter the Senate. She says that in A.D. 23, under the second Roman emperor, Tiberius, a law was passed mandating that the possessor of the gold ring (symbolizing the equestrian class from whose ranks young men were able to advance to the senate), must have both a father and paternal grandfather who were freeborn. References: The Freedman in the Roman World, by Henrik Mouritsen; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Review of Henrik Mouritsens The Freedman in the Roman World, by J. Albert Harrill, in PDFHoraces Equestrian CareerLily Ross TaylorThe American Journal of Philology, Vol. 46, No. 2 (1925), pp. 161-170.Legendary Genealogies in Late-Republican RomeT. P. WisemanGreece Rome, Second Series, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Oct., 1974), pp. 153-164Marriage and Manpower in the hannibalic War: Assidui, Proletarii and Livy 24.18.7-8Nathan RosensteinHistoria: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte, Bd. 51, H. 2 (2nd Qtr., 2002), pp. 163-191On the social standing of freedmen as indicated in the Latin writers, by John Jackson Crumley (1906)Outlines Of Roman Law: Comprising Its Historical Growth And General Principles, by William Carey MoreyRoman Political Institutions: From City to State, by Là ©on Pol Homo

Hydraulics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hydraulics - Essay Example Most of the ancient towns and cities in United Kingdom are close to the river always experiencing damages from flooding over time. SuDS are small scale source control measures which are useful in draining surface water in a more natural way through infiltration, retention and storage devices in urban areas. They employ methods that mimic natural drainage systems by passively removing contaminants in surface water and naturalizing flow rate (JEFFERIES, 2011 p 189-221). After reducing the water volumes and pollutants near the water source, a corresponding reduction in the rate of flow downstream and flood discharges are evident. Reducing rate of downstream flow and flood discharges contribute in improving the quality of water. Further improvements are realizable due to reduced storm water into sewers because little surface water spills over into the sewer system, this spillage if often allowed force raw sewer discharge into the water courses. Certain infiltration based systems such as permeable pavements, swale and detention ponds are always important in controlling the effect of storm water in built-up areas. Permeable pavements are alternative grounds that allow storm water to filter through the voids into the underlying stone reservoirs for temporarily storage (KING, & WISLER, 2008 p 117-131). Permeable pavements consist of permeable surface layer, bedding a layer, underlying stone aggregate reservoir and a filtration layer laid at the bottom. Swales are shallow channels for collecting, and removing pollutants from water (KING, & WISLER, 2008 p 207-231). Swales have shallow side slopes and a flat bottom. They usually have grass covers and mostly water flows in a thin layer through the grass. Detention ponds are for improving the quality of urban runoff and reducing the rates at which the peak storm flows this is possible by providing temporary storage during large storms. Slow sand Filters have a filtration rate of 0.15 m3/m2†¢h, the

The Tempest Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Tempest - Research Paper Example Motifs, therefore, help Shakespeare bring out the veracious analogies underlying in his text. The tempest that occurs at the beginning of the paly symbolizes notable things. To begin with, it highlights the conflicts occurring between the characters in the boat. This, especially, is crucial in the context of a wedding and a serene sea that may not promise an underlying tension. The tempest warns the audience that the characters in the boat have unresolved differences. It is essential to note that the storm places Prospero’s enemies at a vulnerable position, whereby he can exploit them for his own ends. This symbolizes his earlier suffering and struggle. Just as Prospero suffered in the sea some years ago, he places the victims of the shipwreck at the mercy of the sea. The audience later uncovers that the storm is not a natural occurrence as it had been caused by Prospero. A malicious aspect of magic warns the audience of the danger of dalliance with a mystical world. Prospero, however, is careful and conscientious enough to only use magic as a means of punishment, but not as a way of obliterating his enemies. This is because the storm does not cause any harm. In a large sense, the tempest reveals a noble and benevolent character of Prospero that seeks to realign the society towards normalcy. More essentially, the tempest represents a social upheaval that upsets the status of the privileged class in the society. The storm sets the Shakespearean society for a more egalitarian mode of life that respects the dignity of the person. When the characters suffer from the shipwreck, it manifests that death is a unifying factor that does not favor a person, regardless of one’s societal status. Shakespeare, in the character of Prospero, is an idealist who detests the feudal systems that place a certain class of individuals above others. He, therefore, see ks to reveal the meaninglessness of royal titles in life. Music is also an important motif

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Foods Essay The world is slowly running out of food. Impoverished people have nowhere to turn. Biotechnology researchers think they have found a way to reverse the world famine. This way is through genetically modified foods which are foods that come from genetically engineered organisms. Examples of such organisms are sheep, cows, and fish. However, since it is a new invention, it is being met with harsh and legitimate concerns. While it may help the world’s food crisis, it may also do that at the expense of human health. Moreover, In the 90’s in the USA, the Food and Drug Administration decided that genetically modified food was safe and did not require special regulation. They stated that is was, â€Å"not inherently dangerous. † (FDA, 1998). This allowed genetically modified food such as soybean oils and tomatoes to enter the market. There are lots of ideas about the GMF. Some scientists say that it is no harmful affects of GMF and it may be a solution for scarcity of food and even it is healthy. However, some others say that GMFs are dangerous for public health. And It can damage biodiversity. Genetically modified foods may be a good solition to increase the amount of food. The problem is there are lots of people go to sleep hungry everyday and the number of hungry people is getting bigger. And International Food Policy Research Institute state there are â€Å"120 devoloping countries† which are very close to limit of hunger and â€Å"57 of which with a serious or worse hunger situation. (Global Hunger Index, 7) The reason of this hunger is there is not enough food to feed them and because the world population is getting higher but the areas which use in farming are getting smaller. Farmers could not find suitable area to plant their crops. That is why, They have to find a different solution to be productive. Conko argues that biotech agriculture is the method by which we can increase agricultural productivity without resorting to increases in harmful chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. In the Genetic Modification it says that genetic modification provides a means to confer resistance to broad-spectrum herbicides into crops where current weed control is considered difficult. In this way, farmers can be more productive and they can get more product on their fields. â€Å"In the United States, in 2002 about 5. 5 million farmers in 145 nations were planting more than 145 million acres worth of GM crops. † (Conko) On the other hand, genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops might have a negative impact on biodiversity. Genetically Modified crops have an impact on birds and insect. A crop plant modified to be toxic to insect pests can have a direct harmful effect on non-target insects if they eat the plant. It can also have an indirect effect by reducing the insects that are a food source for other wildlife, such as farmland birds. Genetically Modified crops that are tolerant to herbicides could also lead to a reduction in weed populations that act as refuges for beneficial insects, and those that are eaten by birds. This process takes time because of this GM crops evaluate as a good solution but it can destroy the biological diversity. And US conservation organization Royal Society,founded in London In 1660 is a learned society for science, support it. They state that the likelihood of the spread of Genetically modified into the wild populations, the risk of superweeds being produced, the impact Genetically modified introductions might have on the colonies of micro organisms living in the soil and how such risks can be assesed and analysed. Also John Innes Centre, Founded in England is an independent centre for research and training in plant and microbial science, state that Monarch butterfly larvae fed only on leaves covered in pollen from Bt corn grew more slowly and suffered higher death rates and pink bollworm fed on cotton producing the Bt toxin. Aphids fed on Genetically Modified potatoes producing a different toxin were also reported to have a harmful effect on ladybirds feeding on the aphids. Genetically Modified crops can be beneficial for health in terms of their food value. Foods include lots of vitamins which are necessary to our body. In early days, our foods were full of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrate and they were occupied with value. However, now there are not enough foods which are full of value. Because there are lots of environmental factors like global warming which causes to summers takes long time, and scarcity of water, and also some pests. These factors effect the crops and farmers have to use pesticide and this cause to decrease food value. And it leads lots of health problems. And the one of the most important health problem is Vitamin A deficiency. This is the cause of at least â€Å"1 million childhood deaths† each year and is â€Å"considered the single most serious cause of blindness amongst children† in the developing countries. â€Å"A possible solution to this problem is the genetic modification of rice. † ( Potrykus, quoted inGenetic Modification) Although GM foods are benefical for the food value, in some circumstances, it can be very harmful for human health. Without too much control eating genetically modified food can be dangerous and it can lead lots of diseases like Eosonophil Myalgia Syndrome. In this debate, the Physicians and Scientists for Responsible Application of Science and Technology, is a website to educate the general public about genetic engineering in general and foods, revealed that After eating a food supplement produced by genetically engineered bacteria, â€Å"37 persons were killed 1500 people were permanently disabled† in the US in a disease called Eosonophil Myalgia Syndrome. It was caused by one or more extremely poisonous substances that unexpectdedly appeared in this food supplement. This accident confirms the predictions of molecular biologists that genetic engineering can cause the appearance of dangerous unexpected substances. As a Conclusion, there are lots of arguments in the GMF. Maybe It can be a solution for lots of problems, maybe it can be invention of the this century. I think, however, without too much researching about GMF we cannot use it to gain profit. Because human health is important than anything. We have to more careful. In the future, After very deep research about the GMF, we can solve the sustanibility problem.

Becoming A Lawyer Essay examples -- Research Lawyer Law Career Essays

Becoming a Lawyer Loving to argue, speak, and to persuade/convince, I have chosen to research the career of a lawyer. I have always been intrigued by the audacity and wit that lawyers have naturally. I will explain the steps in order to be on the right path in order to become a lawyer. While attaining a degree in your undergraduate studies, you must select a major that will be of some assistance and relevance to your particular law career. For example, if you want to be a corporate lawyer, you should major in business or if you want to be a judge, you should major in political science. After attaining your degree in your chosen major, you must attend law school. American Law schools are very expensive, especially if you plan to attend a private law school. That being said, there are excellent law schools in the States (Yale, Harvard, NYU, UT Austin, to name a few), and if you want to practice in the States, this is a good way to go about it. However, the competition to get into the top-rated law schools in the States is ferocious and exceeds by far the competition to get into Canadian law schools. The advice that most people give surrounding applying to US law schools (as there are so many), is to apply to a few "sure-thing" schools, a few schools were you would probably get in, a few where you would probably not get in, and a few "reach" schools, where it seems unlikely that you would be admitted. Keep in mind that even a very high GPA and LSAT score can not guarantee you admission to Harvard, Yale and the other top-rated schools. Because there are so many people in the US, there are more people with excellent grades applying, therefore red ucing your chances, too. After finally finalizing your arrangements and getting into your chosen law school, you must attend school. Law schools differ in their various requirements: many schools have required courses in all years, and some schools only have required courses in their first or second years. As well, many schools will require that you take some breadth courses, which are courses that are intended to round out your education. These courses are ones that are outside the canonical law school curriculum. At some point in the course of law school, you will probably have to do a moot, which is like mock court. In the moot, you are given a fact situation and you have to prepare arguments and deliver ... ... better to college life. It helps me stay focused and keep things organized by wrapping things up and reviewing all things that we learned throughout that particular week. In all, this assignment has helped me a lot by enforcing the need to research before making great decisions. One great decision in my life at this moment is trying to decide on a major and trying to reveal and find out what I really want to be. This assignment has helped me discover what it is like to get into a good law school, what the work load is like, what types of law there is to pursue a career in, and what the salary is. All these components will keep me grounded and stay true to what I originally wanted to pursue which is a career in the legal system of our country. Works Cited: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Warner, Rose. (1999). 29 Reasons Not to Go to Law School. London: Routeledge. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serechal, J.R. (1987). Becoming a Lawyer. New York, New York: HBC Media. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gabriel, Peter. (2001, November 4). Law School and its Perks. Retrieved November 7, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://lawstudents/files.html. 4) Segal, Nancy. (2001, February). So you think you want to be a lawyer. Teen People, p. 45.

Chicago Referencing

Chicago Author-Date Referencing 2007 The Chicago Author-Date referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the au- thor-date style. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text cor- responding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author’s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses.The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information. When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago Curtin 2007. Note: this page is only an introduction to the Chicago Author-Date referencing system. Curtin University Library provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in: The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. How to cite references: Chicago style. 2006. http://wwwlib. murdoch. edu. au/find/citation/chicago. htmlIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details, eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements. The information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above sources. What is Referencing? Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Chicago Author-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations. Why Reference? Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments. Steps Involved in Referencing 1.Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken. In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable). In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in ad dition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL). 2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below). 3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below). In-Text Citations Use the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment. Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s initials in the in-text citation i. . (Hamilton, C. L. 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e. g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author. When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text, include the relevant page number, as this might be useful to the reader. How to Create a Reference ListIn general, page numbers should be included in all in-text citations, as many schools insist on this practice. A reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing the sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the reader. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. The Chicago style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference o be indented, as shown in the examples below, to highlight the alphabetical order. 2 Examples of Referencing Books| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Single author| ‘The theory was first propounded in 1982’ (Horwood 1982, 65)OR‘Horwood (1982, 65) claimed that†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢| Horwood, J. 1982. Comfort. London: Unwin Paperbacks. | Book| 2 or 3 authors| (Madden and Hogan 1997, 22)ORMadden and Hogan (1997, 22) dis- cuss this idea†¦OR(Jones, Madding and Davis 1998, 34)| Madden, R. , and T. Hogan. 1997. The definition ofdisability in Australia: Moving towards national consistency.Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and WelfareORJones, J. , M. Madding, and B. Davis. 1998. How to ride a pony. Sydney: Australian Aquarian Press. | Book| More than 3 authors| (Leeder et al. 1996, 2)| Leeder, S. R. , A. J. Dobson, R. Gibbers, N. R. Patel, P. S. Mathews, D. A. Williams, and D. Mariot. 1996. TheAustralian film industry. Adelaide: Dominion Press. | Book| Unknown authorshipor anonymous works| (Advertising in the Western Cape1990, 74). | Advertising in the Western Cape. 1990. Cape Town: ABC Publishers. | Book | Multiple works bysame author| ‘University research (Brown 1982, 1988) has indicated that†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢| Brown, P. 982. Corals in the Capricorn group. Rock- hampton: Central Queensland University. Brown, P. 1988. The effects of anchor on corals. Rockhampton: Central Queensland University. Order chronologically in the reference list. | Book| 3 of 11 Multiple workspublished in the same year by the same Author| ‘In recent reports (Napier 1993a, 55)†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Use a/b etc. to differentiate between works in same year. | Napier, A. 1993a. Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Napier, A. 1993b. Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Order alphabetically by title in the reference list. | Book| Editor| Kastenbaum 1993, 91-2)| Kastenbaum, R. , ed. 1993. Adult development. Phoe- nix: Oryx Press. | Edited Book| Different Editions| Neil Renton (2004, 75) suggests that†¦| Renton, N. 2004. Compendium of good writing. 3rd ed. Milton: John Wiley & Sons. An edition number is plac ed after the title of the work – this is not necessary for a first edition. | Book(put 3rd in Edition). | No date| (Housley [2006? ])OR(Housley n. d. )| Housley, N. [2006? ]. Contesting the crusades. Malden, MA: Blackwell. ORHousley, N. n. d. Contesting the crusades. Malden, MA: Blackwell. | Book(put [2006? ] or n. d. in Year). Encyclopedia/ Dictionary| ‘In the section on Sleepwalking in the Encyclopedia of Sleep andDreaming (Mahowald 1993, 578)’| Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary are not listed in the reference list. | Enter the in-text citation manually. | Article or chapter in a book| As discussed by Blaxter (1976, 120-35)†¦OR(Blaxter 1976, 120-35)| Blaxter, M. 1976. Social class and health inequalities In Equalities and inequalities in health, ed. C. Carter and J. Peel, 120-35. London: Academic Press. | Book Section| Article or chapter in a book – no author| (Solving the Y2K problem 1997, 23)| Solving the Y2K problem. 997. In Technology tod ay and tomorrow, ed. D. Bowd, 23-35. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold. | Book Section| Brochure| (Research and Training Centre 2003)| Research and Training Centre on Independent Living. 2003. Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities [Brochure]. Melbourne: Research and Training Centre. The publisher’s name may be abbreviated if it is also the author. | BookType [Brochure] manually after the Title. | E-book| (Pettinger 2002)| Pettinger, R. 2002. Global organizations. Oxford: Capstone Publishing. http://www. netlibrary. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ Details. spx (accessed September 28, 2004). | Electronic Book(put September 28, 2004 in Date Accessed)| Thesis| (Jones 1998, 89)| Jones, F. 1998. The mechanism of Bayer residue flocculation. PhD diss. , Curtin University ofTechnology. http://adt. curtin. edu. au/theses/ available/adt-WCU20020610. 142909/ (accessedNovember 28, 2006). | Thesis(put PhD diss. in Thesis Type)| ConferenceProceeding| (Hill 2000, 112)| Hill, R. 2000. Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the International National Trust, March 3-5, 2000: TheNational Trust into the new millennium. Alice Springs, NT: Australian Council of NationalTrusts. http://search. informit. om. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/search;rec=11;action= showCompleteRec (accessed November 29, 2006). | Conference Proceeding(put 2000 in Year of Conference, The National Trust into the new millenniumin Title Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the International National Trust in Conference Name, March 3-5 in Date,Alice Springs, NT in ConferenceLocation, Australian Council of National Trusts in Publisher). | Annual report of an organisation| (Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001)OR(Billabong International Ltd 2005)| Department of Transport and Regional Services. 2001. Annual report 2001-02. Canberra: DTRS.ORBillabong International Ltd. 2005. Annual report 2005 – brands. http://www. connect4. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/produ cts/ar/index. html (accessed November 29, 2006). | Report(put DTRS in Institution)| Image in a book| The poster ‘Buy Australian Apples’ (Cowle and Walker 2005, 65)| Cowle, C. , and D. Walker. 2005. The art of apple branding [Image]. Hobart: Apples from Oz. | BookType [Image] manually after the title. | Print Journals| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Article| As mentioned by Wharton (1996, 8)| Wharton, N. 1996. Health and safety in outdoor activity centres.Journal of Adventure Educationand Outdoor Leadership 12 (1): 8-23. | Journal Article| Article – no author| ‘It’s a growing problem in the UK. ’ (Anorexia nervosa 1969, 17)| Anorexia nervosa. 1969. British Medical Journal 12 (2): 6-19. | Journal ArticleYou will need to edit the in-text citation for it to appear in italics. | Newspaper, feature ormagazine article| (Towers 2000, 3)| Towers, K. 2000. Doctor not at fault: Coroner. The Australian, Januar y 18. | Newspaper Article(put January 18 in Issue Date)| Newspaper, feature ormagazine article – no author| ‘The Sydney Morning Herald (21 Jan. 2000, 12) reported†¦. | Provide all the details in the in-text citation – no need for an entry in the reference list. | | Press release| †¦. ’in the press release on 1 March,BHP enters new era, Watersmith ex- plains†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢| Treated like an unpublished document. No need for an entry in the reference list. | You will need to enter the in-text citation manually. | Electronic Journals| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Full text from anelectronic database| (Madden 2002, 562)| Madden, G. 2002. Internet economics andpolicy: An Australian perspective. Economic Record 78 (2): 551-78. Informit Online. http:// search. nformit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullText;dn=200208736;res=APAFT (accessed October 16, 2003). | Journal Article(put Informit Onlin e in Name of Database, http://search. informit. com. audbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullText;dn=200208736; res=APAFT in URL, October 16, 2003 in Access Date). | Full text from anelectronic database – no author| ‘The internet has had a huge impact on the Australianeconomy’ (Internet economics and policy 2002, 350)You will need to edit the in-text citation for it to appear in italics. | Internet economics and policy: An Australian perspective. 2002. Economic Record 78 (2): 551-78. Informit Online. ttp://search. informit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullText;dn=200208736;res=APAFT (accessed October 16, 2003). | Journal Article(put Informit Online in Name of Database, http://search. informit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullTextdn=20020 8736;res=APAFT in URL, October 16, 2003 in Access Date). | 6 of 11 Full text newspaper,newswire or magazine from an electronic database – no author| (Cup lifts Seven out of ratings blues 2006, 33)| Cup lifts Seven out of ratings blues. 2006. The Australian, November 13. Factiva. http://global. factiva. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ha/ default. aspx (accessed November 24, 2006). Newspaper Article(put November 13 in Issue Date,Factiva in Name of Database, http:// global. factiva. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ ha/default. aspx in URL, November 24, 2006 in Access Date). | Full text from the Internet| It was proposed by Byrne (2004, 2) that†¦| Byrne, A. 2004. The end of history: Censorship and libraries. The Australian Library Journal 53 (2). http://www. alia. org. au/publishing/alj/53. 2/full. text/ byrne. html (accessed November 13, 2004). | Journal Article(put http://www. alia. org. au/publishing/ alj/53. 2/full. text/byrne. html in URL). | Article from Curtin E- Reserve| (Andersen 2002, 343)| Andersen, J.A. 2002. Organizational design: Two lessons to learn before re-organizing. International Journal of Organizational Theory and Behavior 5 (3/4): 343. Curtin University Li-brary E-Re serve. http://edocs. lis. curtin. edu. au/eres_display. cgi? url=DC65012621. pdf (accessed November 24, 2006). | Journal Article(put Curtin University Library E-Reserve in Name of Database, http://edocs. lis. curtin. edu. au/eres_display. cgi? url=DC650 12621. pdf in URL, November 24, 2006 in Access Date). | Article from databaseon CD-ROM (BPO)| (La Rosa 1992, 58)| La Rosa, S. M. 1992. Marketing slays the downsizing dragon.Information Today 9 (3): 58-9. UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc (accessed November 24, 2006). | Journal Article(put UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc inURL). | Secondary Sources| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Book| (Lewis and Carini 1984)Cite the source the quotation is from. | Lewis, E. N. , and P. V. Carini. 1984. Nurse staffing and patient classification: strategies for success. Rockville, Md: Aspens Systems Corp. Quoted inG. A. Thibodeau and K. T. Patton, eds. , The hu- man body in health and disease (St Louis, Mo. : Mosby, 2002), 77. | Enter the in-text citation manually. | of 11 Journal Article| (Ebell 2006)| Patton, K. T. Neuralgia and headaches. Science 314 (December 2006): 2153-5. Ebell, M. H. 2006. Diagnosis of migraine headache. American Family Physician 74 (Dec. ): 2087-8. Quoted in Patton 2006, 2153. | Enter the in-text citation manually. | World Wide Web| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Document on WWW| ‘It’s essential you learn how to reference’ (Dawson et al. 2002). | Dawson, J. , L. Smith, K. Deubert and S. Grey-Smith. 2002. ‘S’ Trek 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. http://studytrekk. lis. curtin. edu. au/ (accessed October 31, 2002). Web Page| Document on WWW –No author| (Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons 2001)| Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons. 2001. http://www. windspeed. net. au/~jenny/seadragons/(accessed July 14, 2001). | Web Page| Document on WWW –No date| (Royal Institute of British Architects n. d. )| Royal Institute of British Architects. n. d. Shaping the future: Careers in architecture. http://www. careersinarchitecture. net/ (accessed May 31, 2005). | Web Page(put n. d. in Year)| Image on the web| The image of the bleached coral (Coral bleaching and massbleaching events 2002)| Coral bleaching and mass bleaching events [Image]. 002. http://www. gbrmpa. gov. au/corp_site/ info_services/science/bleaching (accessed September 2, 2005). | Web Page(type [Image] manually after the title of the image)| 8 of 11 Government Publications| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Act of Parliament| The Commonwealth’s Copyright Act 1968†¦[future references do not include date]| Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is important to an understanding of the work. Setthe list apart from the main body of the reference under the subheading ‘Legislation'. Essential elements: Short title Date (Jur isdiction) eg.Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth). If legislation is obtained from an electronic database, add a URL as forelectronic journal articles. | Enter in-text citation manually. | Cases| The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR54| Legal authorities are included in a list of references only if they are important to anunderstanding of the work. Set the list apart from the main body of the reference under thesubheading ‘Legal Authorities'. | Case(put 1915 in Year, The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth in Case Name, 20 in Reporter Volume, CLR in Reporter Abbreviation, 54 in Page Cited). Australian Bureau ofStatistics Bulletin| (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999)| Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Disability, ageing and carers: Summary of findings, Cat. no. 4430. 0. Canberra: ABS. | Report(put Cat. no. 4430. 0 in Accession Number, ABS in Institution). | Australian Bureau ofStatistics from AusStats| (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999)| Aus tralian Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Disability, ageing and carers: Summary of findings, Cat. no. 4430. 0. Canberra: ABS. http://www. abs. gov. au/Ausstats/ [email  protected] nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/e4cb97884898ec4bca2569de00221c84!OpenDocument (accessed November 20, 2002). | Report| Census Information| (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001)| Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2001. Census ofpopulation and housing: B01 selected characteristics (First release processing) postal area 6050. http://www8. abs. gov. au/ABSNavigation/ prenav/ViewData&action=404&documentproductno=POA6050&documenttype =Details&tabname=Details&areacode=POA6050&issue=2001& producttype=Community20Profiles&&producttype= Community20Profiles&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=LPD&#Basic%20Community%20Profile (accessed November 20, 2002). | Report| of 11 Government Report| (Resource Assessment Commission 1991)| Australia. Resource Assessment Commission. 1991. Forest and t imber inquiry: Draft report. Volume 1. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. | Report(put Australia. Resource Assessment Commission in Author, Forest and timber inquiry: Draft report in Title, Volume 1 in Accession Number, Australian Government Publishing Service in Institution). | Patent| (Cookson 1985)| Cookson, A. H. 1985. Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems. US Patent4,554,399, filed Nov. 28, 1985, and issued Feb. 11, 1988. | Patent(put Cookson, A.H. in Inventor, US inCountry, Patent 4,554,399 inPatent Number, Nov. 28 1985 in Date, Feb. 11 1988 in Issue Date). | Standard| (Standards Australia 1997)| Standards Australia. 1997. Size coding scheme for infants’ and children’s clothing – underwear andouterwear. AS 1182-1997. Standards Australia Online. http://www. saiglobal. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/online/autologin. asp (accessedJanuary 10, 2006). | Report(put AS 1182-1997 in Accession Number| Other Sources| In-Te xt Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Personalcommunication, e-mail and discussion lists with no web archive. ‘It was confirmed that an outbreak occurred in London in 1999’ (S. Savieri, pers. comm. ). | Not included in the reference list. | Enter in-text citation manually. | UnpublishedInterviews| (Campbell 2006, 2)| Campbell, B. 2006. Interview by A. Bond. Tape recording. December 1. CurtinUniversity of Technology, Perth. | Personal Communication(put Campbell, Billie in Author, Interview with Andrea Bond in Title, Tape recording in Description, December 1 in Date, Curtin University of Technology in Publisher, Perth in City). | Films and videorecordings| (Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992)| Grumpy meets the orchestra. 992. DVD. Written and directed by G. Smithson. Melbourne:Australian Broadcasting Corporation. | Film or Broadcast(put DVD in Format, Written and directed by George Smithson in Credits, Melbourne in Country, Australian Broadc asting Corporation in Distributor). | 10 of 11 Television and radioprogrammes| (What are we going to do with the money? 1997)| What are we going to do with the money? 1997. television program. Sydney: SBS Television, 8August. | Film or Broadcast(put television program in Format, Sydney in Country, SBS Television in Distributor, 8 August in Date Released). Podcasts| (The wings of a butterfly –children, teenagers and anxiety2005)| The wings of a butterfly – children, teenagers and anxiety. 2005. podcast radio program. Sydney:ABC Radio National, 10 September. http:// www. abc. net. au/podcast/default. htm#mind (accessed September 16,2005). | Film or Broadcast(put podcast radio program in Format, Sydney in Country, ABC Radio National in Distributor, 10 September in Date Released, September 16, 2005 in Access Date). | CD-ROMS| (Kingsley 1998)| Kingsley, S. 1998. Dr Brain thinking games. Torrance, California: Knowledge Adventure Inc.CD-ROM. | Computer Program(put Kingsley, S . in Programmer, Torrance, California in City, Knowledge Adventure Inc. in Publisher, CD-ROM in Type). | ERIC document (microfiche)| Davis and Lombardi (1996)put forward the proposal that†¦| Davis, R. K. & T. P. Lombardi. 1996. The quality of life of rural high school special education graduates. In Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work. microfiche. ERIC Document No. 394765. | Generic(put Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work in Secondary Title, microfiche in Type of Work, ERIC Document No. 94765 in Publisher). | E-mail discussion list– web archive| According to John Little’s post on the ECPOLICY discussion list onApril 16, 2002 (http:// www. askeric. org/Virtual_Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg00003. html), it was determined that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦| Provide all the details in the in-text citation – no need for an entry in the reference list. | Enter the in-text citation manually. | It is very important that you check your department' s or school’s assignment guide as some details e. g. punctuation, may vary from guidelines on this

The pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) for a new a newly established multi-campus

This assignment is an attempt to present a position paper about the pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) for a new a newly established multi-campus Mpokeleshi University library in Muchinga province of Zambia. It further gives sufficiently clear arguments to enable the vice-chancellor make an informed decision on the way forward. The paper will first define the major concepts under review before outlining the pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) and finally give sufficiently clear arguments to enable the vice-chancellor make an informed decision on the way forward.DEFINITIONS OF MAJOR CONCEPTSTo begin with are the definitions of major concepts under review and these are pros and cons, and database management system (DBMS). According to the oxford university dictionary, pros and cons mean advantages and disadvantages or arguments for and against something. A database management system (DBMS) on the other hand can be broken down and be defined as single concepts as follows: ‘data’ are the raw facts or figures which are processed to get the information. A database is a collection of data stored in a standardized format, designed to be processed, shared by different users and may have single or multiple tables organized in rows and columns.Therefore, a database management system (DBMS) can be defined as â€Å" a software that defines a database, stores the data and supports a query language, produces reports, and creates data entry forms†, (Laudon, 2000:221). Others have defined a database management system as a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database.ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSDatabase management system (DBMS) is a central system which provides a common interface between the data and the various front-end programs in the application. It also provides a central location for the whole data in the application to reside. D atabase management system (DBMS) has several advantages and among them includes minimal data redundancy: since the whole data resides in one central database, the various programs in the application can access data in different data files. Therefore, data present in one file need not be duplicated in another file thus reducing data  redundancy which in turn leads to better data consistency (O’brien, 2003).The other notable advantage of database management system (DBMS) is data integration: since related data is stored in one single database, enforcing data integrity is much easier. Moreover, the functions of the database management system (DBMS) can be used to enforce the integrity rules with minimum programming in the application programs. Data sharing is another advantage of a database management system (DBMS): Related data can be shared across programs since the data is stored in a centralized manner. Even new applications can be developed to operate against the same dat a since several users can access and use the same data for different purposes, provided they are authorized users, as you might be aware that databases are normally protected by passwords to avoid unauthorized users from accessing and or manipulating such database content (Date, 2003:268-276).Enforcement of standards and better controls are also achieved due to the centralized nature of the system. Standards in the organization and structure of data files is required, and is also easy in a data system since it is one single set of programs which is always interacting with the data files. Another advantage which gives database management system (DBMS) a plus is application development ease: the application programmer need not build the functions for handling issues like concurrent access, security, data integrity to mention but a few, the programmer instead only needs to implement the application business rules.This hence brings in application development ease because addition of add itional functional modules becomes easier than in file-based systems. Nijssen, (1976:158) outlines that data independence is yet another merit of database management system (DBMS): He outlines that data independence is isolating an upper level from the changes in the organization or structure of a lower level. For example, if changes in the file organization of a data file do not demand for changes in the functions in the database management system (DBMS) or in the application programs, data independence is achieved. He further defines that data as immunity of applications to change in physical representation and access techniques.The provision of data independence is one of the major objectives of database systems due to the architectural nature of a database management system (DBMS) which can be viewed as a three level system comprising the internal or physical level where the data resides, the  conceptual level which the level of the DBMS functions and last but not the least th e external level which is the level of application programs or the end users. Due to the centralized nature of a database management system (DBMS) maintenance cost is reduced thus accounting for yet another advantage of DBMS.It is generally acceptable that it costs much less to create a system of smaller computers with the equivalent power as a single large and expensive computer. This makes it more cost-effective for corporate divisions and departments to obtain separate and less expensive computers. It is also much more cost-effective to add workstations to a network than to update a mainframe system. Another dimension of cost reduction is taking advantage of economies of scale. It is generally argued that the cost of processing and maintenance of individual and geographically remote systems may be expensive as opposed to processing and maintaining a centralized system which may be much economical because the technical expertise required for running such a complex system can be ce ntralized or concentrated at one site hence reducing the cost which could have been incurred for running separate and geographically remote systems (Conolly, 1997).DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSDespite the various advantages of database management systems (DBMS), it is worth pointing out that it has its own shortcomings or disadvantages or rather challenges, and some of them include confidentiality, privacy and security: It is worth noting that when information is centralized and is accessed by a huge number of users remotely, the possibility of abuse are often more, as opposed to a conventional data processing system, thereby compromising the levels of confidentiality, privacy and security. Therefore, to reduce the chance of unauthorized users from accessing and abusing sensitive information, it is necessary to take technical, administrative, and possibly legal measures to curb such abuse if a database management system (DBMS) is to continue to serve its intended purp ose of informing, entertaining and indeed educating the masses (Laudon, 2004:223).Similarly, since the database is accessible to many users remotely, adequate controls are needed to control unauthorized users from updating data on the database if data quality and data integrity are to be maintained. Additionally, with the increased number of users accessing data directly, there are greater  opportunities for the users to damage the database unless there are suitable controls put in place to ensure data accessibility and quality is not compromised. Enterprise vulnerability is yet another challenge of a database management system (DBMS). It is worth noting that centralizing all the data of an enterprise in one database may mean that such a database becomes an indispensable and a reliable resource.Therefore, the survival of the enterprise may depend on reliable information being available on its database all the time. If the risk of possible damage is left unchecked by overlooking ad equate maintenance and upgrading, the whole enterprise therefore becomes vulnerable to higher impact of failure. According to (Conolly, 1997:689), complexity and cost account for another demerit of a database management system (DBMS). It is common knowledge that a complex conceptual design process needs multiple external well qualified staff with the necessary technical expertise, who are in most instances scarce and possibly expensive to hire.The fact that a complex system requires additional and or new hardware and software for maintenance and or upgrading which are expensive even worsens the prohibitive cost of running an effective database management system (DBMS) for small enterprises as they normally struggle with cost justification for making such huge investments in the infrastructure, or backup and recovery in cases of damage and or failure of the system.JUSTIFICATION FOR A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-CAMPUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARYDespite the above outlined disadvanta ges of database management systems (DBMS), it is worth noting that the advantages of DBMS outweigh the disadvantages and some of the weaknesses should be viewed as mere challenges of database management systems (DBMS) as opposed to being disadvantages because they can be mitigated. For example, the challenges of cost of running a complex database management system can be mitigated by cutting the relative cost of data transmission across the network by introducing local access.It may be much more economical to partition the application and perform the processing locally at each site or rather at each at each campus library of the multi-campus university. Furthermore, the challenge of prohibitive cost of kick starting and or running a complex database management system (DBMS) can also be minimized by the application of what is known as the â€Å"Grosh’s law† of economics which argues that: computing power is calculated according to the square of the  cost of the equipm ent: three times the cost could provide nine times of power, which is why it costs much less to create a system of small computers with the equivalent power of a single large computer.This makes it more cost-effective for corporate divisions and departments to obtain small separate computers, which in this case can be equated to running a small and cost-effective library networks at each site of the multi-campus university (Conolly, 1997:688). He goes on to argue that a distributed database management system (DDBMS) could be ideal for a multi-campus university library as opposed to a centralized database management system (CDBMS) due to improved availability and improved reliability.On the one hand, improved availability is enhanced in the sense that unlike in a centralized database management system (CDBMS) where a computer failure can terminate the operations of the database management system (DBMS), conversely, a failure at one site of a distributed database management system (DD BMS) or a failure of a communication link making same sites inaccessible does not render the entire system inoperable. It is however impressive to note that in this type of a system, if a single node fails, the system may be able to reroute the failed node’s request to another site hence improving availability to various users of a multi-campus university library.On the other hand, improved reliability is also achieved because data may be replicated so that it exists in more than one site, similarly, the failure of a node or a communication link does not necessarily make the data inaccessible to various users of a multi-campus university library. Last but not the least, in a multi-campus library setup, data can physically reside nearest to where it is most often accessed, thus providing users with local control of the data that they interact with. This results in local autonomy of the data allowing users to enforce locally the policies regarding access to and or manipulation of their database management system (DBMS).CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, database management systems (DBMS) have continued to make data arrangement, storage, access and retrieval much easier than it used to be in the olden days. With the emergency of the relational model of database management systems (which is a software that is used to create and use a relational database-which in turn is a database that conforms to the relational model, and refers to a database’s data and schema), much of the  big challenge associated with handling large and complex databases has been reduced. With the continued and advances in research, it is highly expectant that more and advanced database management products will be availed on the market to improve on the existing ones hence further minimizing the challenges of running a complex database management system.

Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Allegorical Nathaniel Hawthorne For my research, I chose Nathaniel Hawthorne. The three short stories I read were, The Minister’s Black Veil, Young Goodman Brown, and Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment. I think that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories are interesting. The three that I read all had allegory and symbolism in them. All of the stories include some characteristic of death. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories seem to reply mainly about religion and the teaching of a lesson. In The Minister’s Black Veil, I noticed a lot of allegory and symbolism. Th main character, Mr. Hooper, seems to be based upon a real person that Nathaniel Hawthorne must of read about. The black veil over the minister’s face symbolizes a secret that he isn’t afraid to show anymore. The minister is testing his closest friends and loved ones to see if they are trust worthy of him when he starts to wear the veil. When he starts wearing the veil, everyone shuns him and talks about him. Somehow, the death of a young woman seems to be the reason for him to be wearing the veil, according to some of the town’s people. They think that he may have had something to do with her death, and that was his way to show it by wearing the black veil for the first time the day of her funeral. Everyone seems terrified of him with the veil on, but he cant figure out why. It isn’t until the wedding of a couple that he notices how dreary the veil really looks on him when he looks in the mirror at the reception. When his fiancà ©e asks him to take off the veil and he says no so she leaves him, which leaves the minister alone with no one to comfort him. Th town’s men and women treat him as an outcast and will not socialize with the minister any longer. On his deathbed, he realizes that Elizabeth had always loved him, even after she left him, and was faithful to him through all the years. When he is asked to remove his veil, he tells Reverend Clark no. H... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter is based on the puritanical custom of affixing a giant red, letter â€Å"A† to anybody that committed adultery. The novel centers on the adulterous Puritan Hester Prynne. Throughout the novel, she loyally refuses to reveal the name of her partner. The novel is generally regarded as Hawthorne’s masterpiece and as one of the classics of American literature. However, it also reflects the typical, partriarchical attitude of both puritan society and of contemporary society. For instance, even the definition of the word, â€Å"Scarlet† carries with it sexist connotations. Scarlet as defined in Webster’s New World Dictionary is â€Å"sinful, specifically whorish† (Webster 532). In sum, the main plot of the novel is this: Hester Prynne is a women living in seventeenth-century New England. She is convicted of committing adultery. At the beginning of the novel, Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter, A, on her dress as a sign of her guilt. She steadfastly refuses to reveal the identity of her adulterous partner. However, her husband eventually realizes who her lover is and takes revenge on him. Eventually, her dying lover publicly admits his part in the adultery. Primarily the novel centers on the theme of woman as seductress, woman as seducer. Again, this theme seems to harken back to the same stereotypical and sexist notions of woman as either Madonna or whore. Regardless of the fact that her lover ultimately is punished for his sins as well, it is Hester who is portrayed as the one to blame for his â€Å"fall.† In the novel, the public confession of her lover, Dimmesdale, the â€Å"sinful† priest seems to absolve him of his sins by making such a public confession. The same is not true for Hester. She is doomed at the end of the book to live a life full of loneliness and denial, and in no way does she come close to obtaining the freedom and love that she had desired. It seems as though... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† widely regarded as one of his finest works, illustrates vividly how society and culture can influence one‘s sense of reality (53 ). Goodman Brown is everyman of general intelligence striving to live and achieve a better life (60 ). Faith and righteousness were daily themes in Puritan society, however when Goodman Brown faces change in his perception, the once solid foundation is washed away. The journey into the wilderness enlightens Brown to societal truths amidst his struggle within himself and against fellow men. It is a dreaded walk on the dark side of the human heart (26 ). Consuming most of Hawthorne’s tale is a test of faith. For three months Brown has been married to a young woman symbolizing his faith (60 ). She even carries this name and lets her role in the story tie to that aspect of her husband’s life. Brown calls for his wife three times as he stands before the devil at the alter. Goodman then cries, â€Å"My Faith is gone.†(9 ) As Brown is drawn into the deepest shadows of the forest and enters the devils sacred service, Hawthorne dramatizes his feeling that once commitment to evil has been made, its purpose must prevail by securing a shelf in Goodman’s soul. There is no struggle of power to oppose it and in this tale the power is so unequal that Faith, supposedly the Devil’s antagonist, is drawn into the camp of the enemy (11 ). She appears at the service as a baptismal candidate along with Goodman, a faint insinuation that Faith has her own covenant with the Devil. This also suggests that her complicity may be prior to and deeper than Brown’s, as Faith could’ve played a role in the path of her husband (12 ). Her possible involvement then brings on a submerged irony in the manner in which Faith comes to meet Goodman when he returns to the village, as if she had not been present in the forest. She greets him in a manner inn... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne’s â€Å"Rap puccini’s Daughter† is a timeless short story that still easily applies to common fears of today. Like in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, Hawthorne uses literature to address the fascination many of us have with science verses religion. When Hawthorne describes Rappuccini’s creations in the garden, our imaginations could compare the likenesses to his daughter as well. He states, â€Å"Several, also, would have shocked a delicate instinct by an appearance of artificialness, indicating that there had been such commixture, and, as it were, adultery of various vegetable species, that the production was no longer of God’s making, but monstrous offspring of man depraved fancy, growing with only an evil mockery of beauty† (1296). In this description Hawthorne points out that Rappuccini has destroyed the boundaries of science by acting as a God-like figure. Rappuccini’s creations are evil concoctions that only illus trate his dark genius instead of a father’s or creator’s love. Hawthorne uses Beatrice as a symbol of Rappuccini’s obsessive love of science while also using her words to tell the reader the seriousness of his condition. Hawthorne write, â€Å"...and at the hour when I first drew breath, this plant sprang from the soil, the offspring of his science, of his intellect, while I was but his earthly child† (1303). In her comment Beatrice points out that her father’s love for manipulating nature far surpasses any love or connection he feels with his daughter. The evil science has consumed his personality and destroyed his humanity. In short, Hawthorne seems to be addressing the public to warn them about the dangers of excessive science. He seems to believe that the realm of God and God’s creations should not be manipulated by man. If we allow ourselves to become consumed with controlling nature, our evil creations will in a sense backfire and ruin even the best intentio... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Although â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in the mid-1800s, its themes and ideas are still a part of society today. The 19th century was a time of change, just as this, the millennium, is a time of great change. Hawthorne’s ideas about science, beauty, and life still play a major part in our lives, despite many improvements. Even today, people try to play â€Å"God† and change things that nature has put in place. It’s human curiosity; how much can be changed, how many things can be perfected? The themes in this short story religion, gender, and sciencewere relevant in Hawthorne’s day, and still are many years later. The theme of religion is hidden in the desire to erase the birthmark. In trying to â€Å"perfect† Georgiana, Aylmer is testing God’s creation. He doesn’t believe that how God created Georgiana is perfect, and he is obsessive about making her his idea of perfection. Aminadab, Aylmer’s ser vant, tries to tell his master to leave the birthmark alone. He tells Aylmer that if Georgiana were his wife, he wouldn’t worry about something so trivial. However, the scientific ideas on Aylmer’s mind won’t let him forget the birthmark. He believes he can remove it with the help of science. Even so, science has no part in creation, according to Hawthorne, and Georgiana’s death after the removal of the birthmark signifies that theory. Her death is Hawthorne’s way of showing that judgment and perfection are God’s dutiesnot man’s. In today’s society we still battle this idea; is perfection attainable through science? Maybe people think so- thousands have cosmetic surgery performed every year as a way of trying to make themselves more beautiful. Religion has taken a step back in society today, so the significance of perfection by God has also been moved to the back burner. But, underlying all the surgeries performed today, is the question: Is it right to change what was given to you by God?... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne The Allegorical Nathaniel Hawthorne For my research, I chose Nathaniel Hawthorne. The three short stories I read were, The Minister’s Black Veil, Young Goodman Brown, and Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment. I think that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories are interesting. The three that I read all had allegory and symbolism in them. All of the stories include some characteristic of death. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories seem to reply mainly about religion and the teaching of a lesson. In The Minister’s Black Veil, I noticed a lot of allegory and symbolism. Th main character, Mr. Hooper, seems to be based upon a real person that Nathaniel Hawthorne must of read about. The black veil over the minister’s face symbolizes a secret that he isn’t afraid to show anymore. The minister is testing his closest friends and loved ones to see if they are trust worthy of him when he starts to wear the veil. When he starts wearing the veil, everyone shuns him and talks about him. Somehow, the death of a young woman seems to be the reason for him to be wearing the veil, according to some of the town’s people. They think that he may have had something to do with her death, and that was his way to show it by wearing the black veil for the first time the day of her funeral. Everyone seems terrified of him with the veil on, but he cant figure out why. It isn’t until the wedding of a couple that he notices how dreary the veil really looks on him when he looks in the mirror at the reception. When his fiancà ©e asks him to take off the veil and he says no so she leaves him, which leaves the minister alone with no one to comfort him. Th town’s men and women treat him as an outcast and will not socialize with the minister any longer. On his deathbed, he realizes that Elizabeth had always loved him, even after she left him, and was faithful to him through all the years. When he is asked to remove his veil, he tells Reverend Clark no. H... Free Essays on Nathaniel Hawthorne Many people have had an effect on this country. The reason for this lies in our country’s youth. The United States formed at a time when technological advancements allowed many more people to leave a legacy in its dawning. These advancements led to a creation of literary history. I find it hard to say one person had a larger effect on anything than anyone else, but some people do seem to stand out more than others. In helping to form, or even by just translating how others helped to form this country, authors were able to compile a great deal of literature. This literature has left us a way to learn about our history and many of the important people in it. One of these important people, whom also happened to be an author, was Nathaniel Hawthorne. He wrote about his own experiences, including his observations of other people’s experiences. His life led him to the right places at the right times. Today anybody can pick up his works and take from them the knowledge of what it was like to live during his times. Anyone who reads his work inherits just a little bit of his style into their own writing. There is so much of his own work, on top of so much work pertaining to him, in this world that it is hard for him not to have made an impact on it. He has served as a translator, taking in the influences of his time and especially the people of his time, to in turn influence the future. Nathaniel Hathorne was born July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. Here alone is where he gained much of his influence, both through his family’s history, as well as in his own time. Much of his persona can be understood by knowing some facts of his life. His father died, while at sea, of yellow fever in 1808. Due to a leg injury in 1813 Nathaniel was unable to attend school and was thus home taught by Joseph Worcester for a short time. In 1819 he attended Samuel Archer’s School, in preparation for college. In 1820 he was tutored by Benjamin Oliver. ...

The 300 Million Year History of Amphibian Evolution

The 300 Million Year History of Amphibian Evolution Heres the strange thing about amphibian evolution: You wouldnt know it from the small and rapidly dwindling population of frogs, toads, and salamanders alive today, but for tens of millions of years spanning the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods, amphibians were the dominant land animals on Earth. Some of these ancient creatures achieved crocodile-like sizes, up to 15 feet long (which may not seem so big today but was positively huge 300 million years ago) and terrorized smaller animals as the apex predators of their swampy ecosystems. Before going further, its helpful to define what the word amphibian means. Amphibians differ from other vertebrates in three main ways: First, newborn hatchlings live underwater and breathe via gills, which then disappear as the juvenile undergoes a metamorphosis into its adult, air-breathing form. Juveniles and adults can look very different, as in the case of tadpoles and full-grown frogs. Second, adult amphibians lay their eggs in water, which significantly limits their mobility when colonizing the land. And third, the skin of modern amphibians tends to be slimy rather than reptile-scaly, which allows for the additional transport of oxygen for respiration. The First Amphibians As is often the case in evolutionary history, its impossible to pinpoint the exact moment when the first tetrapods, the four-legged fish that crawled out of the shallow seas 400 million years ago and swallowed gulps of air with primitive lungs, turned into the first true amphibians. In fact, until recently, it was fashionable to describe these tetrapods as amphibians, until it occurred to experts that most tetrapods didnt share the full spectrum of amphibian characteristics. For example, three important genera of the early Carboniferous period- Eucritta, Crassigyrinus, and Greererpeton- can be variously described as either tetrapods or amphibians, depending on which features are being considered. Its only in the late Carboniferous period, from about 310 to 300 million years ago, that we can comfortably refer to the first true amphibians. By this time, some genera had attained relatively monstrous sizes- a good example being Eogyrinus (dawn tadpole), a slender, crocodile-like creature that measured 15 feet from head to tail. Interestingly, the skin of Eogyrinus was scaly rather than moist, evidence that the earliest amphibians needed to protect themselves from dehydration. Another late Carboniferous/early Permian genus, Eryops, was much shorter than Eogyrinus but more sturdily built, with massive, tooth-studded jaws and strong legs. At this point, its worth noting a rather frustrating fact about amphibian evolution: Modern amphibians, which are technically known as lissamphibians, are only remotely related to these early monsters. Lissamphibians, which include frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and rare earthworm-like amphibians called caecilians, are believed to have radiated from a common ancestor that lived in the middle Permian or early Triassic periods, and its unclear what relationship this common ancestor may have had to late Carboniferous amphibians like Eryops and Eogyrinus. Its possible that modern lissamphibians branched off from the late Carboniferous Amphibamus, but not everyone subscribes to this theory. Prehistoric Amphibians: Lepospondyls and Temnospondyls As a general rule, the amphibians of the Carboniferous and Permian periods can be divided into two camps: small and weird-looking (lepospondyls), and big and reptilelike (temnospondyls). The lepospondyls were mostly aquatic or semiaquatic, and more likely to have the slimy skin characteristic of modern amphibians. Some of these creatures (such as Ophiderpeton and Phlegethontia) resembled small snakes; others, like Microbrachis, were reminiscent of salamanders, and some were simply unclassifiable. A good example of the last is Diplocaulus: This three-foot-long lepospondyl had a huge, boomerang-shaped skull, which might have functioned as an undersea rudder. Dinosaur enthusiasts should find the temnospondyls easier to swallow. These amphibians anticipated the classic reptilian body plan of the Mesozoic Era: long trunks, stubby legs, big heads, and in some cases scaly skin, and many of them (like Metoposaurus and Prionosuchus) resembled large crocodiles. Probably the most infamous of the temnospondyl amphibians was the impressively named Mastodonsaurus; the name means nipple-toothed lizard and has nothing to do with the elephant ancestor. Mastodonsaurus had an almost comically oversized head that accounted for nearly a third of its 20-foot-long body. For a good portion of the Permian period, the temnospondyl amphibians were the top predators of the Earths landmasses. That all changed with the evolution of the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) toward the end of the Permian period. These large, nimble carnivores chased the temnospondyls back into the swamps, where most of them slowly died out by the beginning of the Triassic period. There were a few scattered survivors, though: For example, the 15-foot-long Koolasuchus thrived in Australia in the middle Cretaceous period, about a hundred million years after its temnospondyl cousins of the northern hemisphere had gone extinct. Introducing Frogs and Salamanders As stated above, modern amphibians (lissamphibians) branched off from a common ancestor that lived anywhere from the middle Permian to the early Triassic periods. Since the evolution of this group is a matter of continuing study and debate, the best we can do is to identify the earliest true frogs and salamanders, with the caveat that future fossil discoveries may push the clock back even further. Some experts claim that the late Permian Gerobatrachus, also known as the frogamander, was ancestral to these two groups, but the verdict is mixed. As far as prehistoric frogs are concerned, the best current candidate is Triadobatrachus, or triple frog, which lived about 250 million years ago, during the early Triassic period. Triadobatrachus differed from modern frogs in some important ways: For example, it had a tail, the better to accommodate its unusually large number of vertebrae, and it could only flail its hind legs rather than use them to execute long-distance jumps. But its resemblance to modern frogs is unmistakable. The earliest known true frog was the tiny Vieraella of early Jurassic South America, while the first true salamander is believed to have been Karaurus, a tiny, slimy, big-headed amphibian that lived in late Jurassic central Asia. Ironically- considering that they evolved over 300 million years ago and have survived, with various waxings and wanings, into modern times- amphibians are among the most threatened creatures on the Earth today. Over the last few decades, a startling number of frog, toad, and salamander species have spiraled toward extinction, though no one knows exactly why. The culprits may include pollution, global warming, deforestation, disease, or a combination of these and other factors. If current trends persist, amphibians may be the first major classification of vertebrates to disappear off the face of the Earth.

Marketing topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing topic - Essay Example The findings suggest that Qatar Airways cargo services are dealing with certain issues, which are mostly owing to its lack of brand equity in the cargo sector. As recommended, the company has the need to strategize it branding policies, especially in the domain of cargo business with the deliverance of proper and innovative services to the customers, so that it can move ahead in competition with the rivals. Hence, it can be stated that branding indeed is quite vital for the growth and sustainability of the business in the present day context. Strategies often refer to the actions that the organisations of this present day context adopt with the aim of enhancing their respective competitive positioning and sustaining in this competitive landscape for longer time. The approaches of conducting business by modern organisations within the global business arena have changed rapidly in the contemporary scenario, which may be owing to the increasing competitiveness of the market. Furthermore, due to the continuous fluctuating demand of the market, companies are dealing with severe challenges in the course of conducting their respective business operations (Smith & Round, 1998). Thus, in this regard, companies need to frame effective decisions in the domain of operations, marketing, human resource and finance among others to ensure a sustainable future for their businesses. However, proper marketing strategies are deemed to be a vital component for enhancing the competitiveness of the businesses in the global business sector (Pea rson, n.d.). In the contemporary business scenario, business operations need to undergo immense transformation in order to meet the ever-changing demands of the stakeholders (Fernando, 2010). The importance of diverse marketing roles in business generally appears in this scenario. It will be significant to state that marketing is one of the valuable functions, which directly works towards enhancing the brand image and